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접속사란 — 단어·절·문장을 잇는 연결고리

두 요소를 연결하는 품사.

종류	역할	예
등위접속사	대등한 두 요소 연결	and, but, or, so
종속접속사	주절에 종속절을 붙임	although, because, when, if

등위 = 양쪽이 같은 무게. 종속 = 한쪽이 다른 쪽에 의존.

등위접속사 FANBOYS

글자	접속사	뜻
F	for	이유
A	and	추가
N	nor	둘 다 아님
B	but	대조
O	or	선택
Y	yet	강한 대조
S	so	결과

두 절 연결 시 앞에 쉼표:

I was tired, but I kept working.
She studied, so she passed.

종속접속사 — 부사절 유형별

유형	접속사
시간	when, while, after, before, until, as soon as
이유	because, since, as
조건	if, unless, as long as
양보	although, though, even though, even if
목적	so that, in order that
결과	so … that, such … that
대조	while, whereas

종속절이 앞 → 쉼표 필요. 뒤 → 쉼표 없음.

Because she was tired, she went home.
She went home because she was tired.

while vs whereas — 대조 접속사 구분

while = 시간(~하는 동안) 또는 대조(~인 반면에, 비격식) whereas = 대조만 (격식·문어체)

While I was cooking, she watched TV.      (시간)
While I like coffee, she prefers tea.     (대조 — 비격식)
I like coffee, whereas she prefers tea.   (대조 — 격식)

구분: while 앞 절에 진행 동작 → 시간. 상태·의견·사실 → 대조.

상관접속사 — 쌍으로 쓰는 접속사

상관접속사	뜻
`both A and B`	A와 B 둘 다
`either A or B`	A 또는 B
`neither A nor B`	A도 B도 아님
`not only A but also B`	A뿐만 아니라 B도
`not A but B`	A가 아니라 B

수일치 규칙(근접 일치 등 세부)은 영어_수_일치 참고.

접속부사 — 접속사처럼 보이지만 부사

however / therefore / moreover / nevertheless / thus = 접속사 아님. 두 절을 쉼표로 연결 불가.

I was tired, however I kept working.   ❌
I was tired. However, I kept working.  ✅
I was tired; however, I kept working.  ✅

접속부사	뜻	비고
however	그러나
therefore	따라서	일반 격식
thus	따라서	고격식·논문
moreover	게다가	단순 추가
furthermore	더 나아가	앞 주장 강화
nevertheless	그럼에도 불구하고

패턴: 문장. 접속부사, 문장. 또는 문장; 접속부사, 문장.

because vs since vs as — 이유 접속사 구분

	`because`	`since`	`as`
강도	강함 — 직접 이유	중간	약함
이유	새 정보	이미 알려진 정보	이미 알려진 정보
격식	중립	격식	고격식·문어

I stayed home because I was sick.    (이유 = 핵심 새 정보)
Since you're here, let's start.      (이미 알려진 배경)
As it was raining, we stayed inside. (당연히 아는 상황)

since는 시간(“~이후로”)도 되니 문맥으로 구분.

although vs though vs even though vs even if

	특징
`although`	격식·중립
`though`	비격식, 문장 끝 가능
`even though`	사실 강조
`even if`	가정·불확실 상황

핵심 구분:

Even though I was tired, I finished.   (실제로 피곤했음 — 사실)
Even if I am tired, I will finish.     (피곤할 수도, 아닐 수도 — 가정)

though만 문장 끝 가능:

It was cold, though.  ✅

기타 양보 표현:

whether or not         Whether or not you agree, we're moving forward.
however/whatever + 복합관계사   However hard it is, don't give up.

if vs unless — 조건 접속사

unless = if … not = “~하지 않으면” (예외 조건)

I'll go unless it rains.       = I'll go if it doesn't rain.
Unless you study, you'll fail. = If you don't study, you'll fail.

unless + 부정 = 이중 부정 → 금지.

Unless you don't come.  ❌
If you don't come.       ✅

as long as / provided (that) / in case / suppose 등 조건 뉘앙스 세분화는 영어_가정법 참고.

so that vs so … that — 목적 vs 결과

so that = 목적 (~하기 위해서)

She studied hard so that she could pass.

so + 형용사/부사 + that = 결과 (너무 ~해서 …하다)

It was so cold that I stayed home.

such … that = 결과 (명사 앞)

It was such a cold day that I stayed home.

구분:

뒤에 조동사(can/could/will/would) → 목적 so that
형용사·부사 강조 → 결과 so … that
명사 앞 → 결과 such … that

명사절 접속사 — that / whether / if

that — 사실·생각·감정 전달.

I know [that she is right].      (목적어, that 생략 가능)
[That he lied] surprised me.     (주어)

whether / if — “~인지 아닌지” (불확실·의문)

I don't know whether/if she will come.

whether만 가능한 경우:

Whether she comes or not doesn't matter.  ✅ (주어 자리)
If she comes or not doesn't matter.       ❌

as — 다중 용법 접속사

용법	뜻	예
시간	~할 때 (동시)	As I walked in, she left.
이유	~이므로 (배경)	As it was late, we left.
방식	~대로	Do as I say.
비례	~할수록	As you get older, time flies faster.

구분: 동시 진행 → 시간 / 알려진 배경 → 이유 / 동작 따라 함 → 방식.

접속사 vs 전치사 혼동 쌍

의미	접속사 (뒤에 절)	전치사 (뒤에 명사구)
양보	although / though	despite / in spite of
이유	because / since	because of / due to / owing to
시간	while	during

Although he was tired, he worked. / Despite his tiredness, he worked.
Because she studied hard, she passed. / Because of her hard work, she passed.
While he was sleeping, I left. / During his sleep, I left.

실수 주의: despite he was tired ❌ → despite his tiredness ✅

now that / once / by the time

now that — “이제 ~했으니까” (변화된 상황이 원인)

Now that you’re here, we can start.
because와 유사하지만 새로운 상황 변화에 초점.

once — “일단 ~하면” (전환점 조건)

Once you understand it, it’s easy.
after보다 “이 단계를 넘으면”이라는 느낌.

by the time — “~할 때쯤이면 이미” (기준 시점보다 먼저 완료)

By the time he arrived, she had already left.
뒤 절은 완료 시제(had p.p. / will have p.p.) 자연스러움.

논리 접속부사 — 위치와 구두점

접속부사(however/therefore 등)는 접속사가 아니므로 콤마만으로 두 절 연결 불가.

올바른 연결:

마침표 후 새 문장: He was tired. However, he kept working.
세미콜론: He was tired; however, he kept working.
콤마 오류(comma splice): He was tired, however he kept working. ❌

가장 자연스러운 위치: 새 문장 맨 앞.

의미	접속부사
역접	however, nevertheless, nonetheless
결과	therefore, thus, hence, consequently
추가	moreover, furthermore, in addition
예시	for example, for instance
환언	in other words, that is

lest / for fear that — 부정 목적 접속사

“~하지 않도록”. so that ~ not의 격식·문어체 대안.

lest + 동사원형 (should 생략 가능):

He whispered lest anyone hear him.
Study hard lest you should fail.

for fear that + might/would/should:

She saved money for fear that she would lose her job.

lest는 현대 영어에서 매우 드뭄 (문학·법률·고어체). 읽을 때 알아보는 정도로 충분. 일상에선 in case가 자연스러운 대안.

no sooner ~ than / scarcely ~ when

“~하자마자” as soon as의 격식·문어체 버전. 문두에 오면 도치 필수.

구조: No sooner/Scarcely/Hardly + had + S + p.p. ~ than/when + 과거형

No sooner had she arrived than it started raining.
Scarcely had he sat down when the phone rang.
Hardly had I left before it began to snow.

일상에선 as soon as가 자연스러움. 이 패턴은 독해·시험에서 자주 등장.

given (that) / seeing (that) / considering (that)

“~을 감안하면 / ~인 점을 고려하면”. 독립 분사구문에서 파생된 접속사.

given (that):

Given that he’s new, he’s doing well. (절 앞)
Given the circumstances, it was the best option. (명사구 앞 — 전치사처럼)

seeing (that) / seeing as:

Seeing (that) it’s already late, let’s stop here.
Seeing as you’re here anyway, you might as well help.
구어적. since와 유사하지만 더 일상적.

considering (that):

Considering (that) she just started, the result is impressive.
given보다 약간 더 중립적.

셋 모두 since/because와 의미 가깝지만 “감안하면”이라는 평가·판단 뉘앙스가 추가됨.

방식 부사절 as — 실제 방식

as — 실제 방식 “~대로, ~처럼”

Do it as I showed you.
Leave things as they are.

비현실 방식(as if/as though)은 영어_가정법 참고.

부사절의 위치 — 앞 vs 뒤

뒤(기본): She passed because she studied. → 주절이 핵심, 이유는 부가
앞(강조): Because she studied, she passed. → 이유를 먼저, 결과 뒤에

앞에 올 때 쉼표 필수. 뒤에 올 때 쉼표 선택(있으면 약간 강조). 글쓰기: 앞 배치 = 더 논리적·격식적. 구어: 뒤가 더 자연스러움.