영어 시제 심화 치트시트

	단순	진행	완료	완료진행
현재	`do`	`is doing`	`has done`	`has been doing`
과거	`did`	`was doing`	`had done`	`had been doing`
미래	`will do`	`will be doing`	`will have done`	`will have been doing`

단순

진행

완료

완료진행

현재

do

is doing

has done

has been doing

과거

did

was doing

had done

had been doing

미래

will do

will be doing

will have done

will have been doing

현재완료 — has done

과거 사건 + 현재 상태·결과 연결 | yesterday / ago / last~ 와 함께 불가

용법	키워드	예
결과	—	I have broken my leg. (지금 부러진 상태)
경험	`ever / never / before`	Have you ever been to Paris?
계속	`for / since`	I have lived here for 10 years.
완료	`just / already / yet`	She has just arrived.

용법

키워드

예

결과

—

I have broken my leg. (지금 부러진 상태)

경험

ever / never / before

Have you ever been to Paris?

계속

for / since

I have lived here for 10 years.

완료

just / already / yet

She has just arrived.

I have seen him yesterday. ❌ 과거 시점 명시 → 단순과거만

완료 계열 비교

현재완료 진행 — has been doing

과거부터 지금까지 계속·누적. for/since와 자주 씀.

I have been waiting for an hour. She has been studying since morning. I have been crying. (for 없어도 OK)

has done = 완료 | has been doing = 진행 중

과거완료 — had done

"과거 속의 과거" — 어떤 과거 시점보다 더 이전.

When I arrived, she had already left. I realized I had forgotten my wallet. He had never seen snow before he moved.

과거완료 진행 — had been doing

과거 시점 이전부터 그 시점까지 계속 진행.

She had been crying when I found her. They had been dating for 3 years before they broke up.

미래완료 — will have done

미래 특정 시점까지 완료되어 있을 것. by + 시점.

By next year, I will have graduated. By the time you arrive, I will have finished cooking.

미래 표현 3가지

	결정 시점	특징	예
`will`	지금 막	즉흥·예측·의지	"I'll get it." (전화 울릴 때)
`be going to`	이미	계획·근거 있는 예측	I'm going to visit Paris next month.
현재진행	이미 확정	약속·예약	I'm meeting her at 7.

결정 시점

특징

예

will

지금 막

즉흥·예측·의지

"I'll get it." (전화 울릴 때)

be going to

이미

계획·근거 있는 예측

I'm going to visit Paris next month.

현재진행

이미 확정

약속·예약

I'm meeting her at 7.

Look at those clouds — it's going to rain. (근거 있는 예측 → be going to) "The phone is ringing." "I'll get it." (즉흥 → will)

직접화법	간접화법
`am/is/are`	`was/were`
`was/did`	`had done`
`has done`	`had done`
`will`	`would`
`can`	`could`
`may`	`might`

직접화법

간접화법

am/is/are

was/were

was/did

had done

has done

had done

will

would

can

could

may

might

상태동사 — 진행형 불가

상태동사는 진행형 불가 I am knowing the answer.

상태동사 (진행 불가)

know / believe / understand like / love / hate / want / need own / have(소유) / contain / seem

같은 동사, 뜻에 따라 달라짐

I am having a car. ❌ (소유) I am having lunch. ✅ (행위) I am seeing her tonight. ✅ (만나다)

시제	빈도
현재완료 `has done`	매우 높음
현재완료 진행 `has been doing`	높음
과거완료 `had done`	중간
미래완료 `will have done`	낮음
과거완료 진행 `had been doing`	낮음
미래완료 진행 `will have been doing`	매우 낮음

시제

빈도

현재완료 has done

매우 높음

현재완료 진행 has been doing

높음

과거완료 had done

중간

미래완료 will have done

낮음

과거완료 진행 had been doing

낮음

미래완료 진행 will have been doing

매우 낮음

영어 시제 심화 치트시트

12시제 전체 지도

현재완료 — has done

완료 계열 비교

미래 표현 3가지

시제 일치 — 간접화법 시제 이동

상태동사 — 진행형 불가

실용 빈도