영어 수동태 치트시트
English Passive Voice — 구조·시제·패턴 한눈에
핵심 구조
능동 → 수동: 목적어 → 주어 | 동사 → be + p.p. | 원래 주어 → by + 명사 (생략 가능)
The chef cooked the meal. → The meal was cooked by the chef.
시제별 수동태
| 시제 | 구조 | 예 |
|---|
| 현재 | is/are + p.p. | The report is written. |
| 과거 | was/were + p.p. | The report was written. |
| 미래 | will be + p.p. | The report will be written. |
| 현재완료 | has/have been + p.p. | The report has been written. |
| 과거완료 | had been + p.p. | The report had been written. |
| 현재진행 | is/are being + p.p. | A bridge is being built. |
| 과거진행 | was/were being + p.p. | A bridge was being built. |
| 조동사 | modal + be + p.p. | It must be finished. |
특수 패턴
get 수동 — 비격식
get + p.p.
He got fired. / She got hurt.
be = 격식·중립 | get = 비격식·우발
사역 수동
have/get + 목적어 + p.p.
I had my car repaired.
She got her hair cut.
have = 중립 | get = 비격식·노력
비인칭 수동
It is said that… =
He is said to…
It is said / believed / reported / thought
과거: He is said to have been rich.
이중 목적어 (Ditransitive)
give / send / show / tell
They gave him a prize.
→ He was given a prize. 선호
→ A prize was given to him.
조동사 수동 — 과거 판단
| 구조 | 뜻 |
|---|
must have been + p.p. | ~됐음이 틀림없다 |
should have been + p.p. | ~됐어야 했는데 (안 됨) |
could have been + p.p. | ~될 수 있었는데 (안 됨) |
might have been + p.p. | ~됐을지도 모른다 |
by vs with
by — 행위자 (누가)
The window was broken by the child.
with — 도구·수단 (무엇으로)
The window was broken with a rock.
고정 전치사 패턴
감정
be interested in | ~에 관심 있다 |
be surprised at/by | ~에 놀라다 |
be satisfied with | ~에 만족하다 |
be disappointed with/in | ~에 실망하다 |
be excited about | ~에 흥분하다 |
be worried about | ~를 걱정하다 |
be tired of | ~에 지치다 |
관계·상태
be known for | ~로 알려지다 |
be known as | ~로 알려지다 (신분) |
be made of | 재료 눈에 보임 |
be made from | 재료 변형됨 |
be covered with/in | ~로 덮이다 |
be involved in | ~에 관여하다 |
be based on | ~에 기반하다 |
상태 수동 vs 동작 수동
| 문장 | 해석 | 판별 |
|---|
The door is locked. | 문이 잠겨 있다 | 상태 |
The door is locked every night. | 문이 매일 밤 잠긴다 | 동작 |
by + 행위자 추가 가능 → 동작 | get으로 교체 자연스러움 → 동작 | 둘 다 어색 → 상태
수동태 불가
자동사(목적어 없음) → 수동 불가 The accident was happened.
happen
occur
arrive
appear
sleep
die
같은 단어도 타동사 용법이면 수동 가능 She runs the company. → The company is run by her.
수동태를 쓰는 이유
| 상황 | 예 |
|---|
| 행위자 불명확·중요하지 않음 | My wallet was stolen. |
| 행위자를 의도적으로 숨김 | Mistakes were made. |
| 결과·대상에 초점 | Three people were injured. |