영어 분사구문 치트시트
English Participial Constructions — 압축·유형·오류 한눈에
만드는 법 — 부사절 → 분사구문
접속사 제거
주절과 주어 같으면 주어 제거
동사 → -ing
Because I was tired, I went home.
→ Being tired, I went home.
분사 선택 — 능동 vs 수동
현재분사 -ing — 능동
주어가 직접 동작
Walking to school, I saw an accident.
Hearing the news, she called me.
과거분사 p.p. — 수동
주어가 당하는 상태
Written in Korean, the book was hard.
Excited by the news, she called me.
"~된 상태로" → p.p. | "~하면서·~하고" → -ing
의미 유형
| 의미 | 예 |
|---|
| 이유 | Being late, he apologized. |
| 시간 | Entering the room, she smiled. |
| 조건 | Turning left, you'll see the bank. |
| 동시 동작 | She sat reading a book. |
| 연속 동작 | He stood up, walking to the window. |
접속사 없으므로 정확한 의미는 문맥 판단. -ing 절 → 이유/시간/조건 중 자연스러운 것으로 읽기.
특수 형태
완료 — Having + p.p.
주절보다 먼저 일어난 일
Having finished, he went home.
Having lived in Japan, he speaks Japanese.
Having been told the news, she cried. (수동)
부정 — Not + -ing
not은 분사 앞에
Not knowing what to say, he was silent.
Not having slept well, she felt tired.
Knowing not ❌
독립 분사구문 — 주어 다를 때
주절과 주어 다르면 분사구문에 주어 명시
The weather being fine, we went out.
It being Sunday, the shop was closed.
All things considered, it was a success.
with 분사구문 — 부대 상황
with + 목적어 + -ing/p.p. "~한 채로"
He sat with his arms folded. (p.p.)
She walked in with her phone ringing. (-ing)
with the door open (형용사)
관계절 압축
| 관계절 | 분사구문 |
|---|
the man who is standing there | the man standing there |
the letter which was written in French | the letter written in French |
the girl who is singing | the girl singing |
the window that was broken | the window broken |
who/which + is/are + -ing → -ing만 | who/which + was/were + p.p. → p.p.만
관용 독립 분사구문 (구어 허용)
| 표현 | 뜻 |
|---|
Generally speaking | 일반적으로 말하면 |
Strictly speaking | 엄밀히 말하면 |
Frankly speaking | 솔직히 말하면 |
Judging from ~ | ~로 판단하면 |
Considering ~ | ~을 고려하면 |
Speaking of ~ | ~얘기가 나왔으니 |
Dangling Participle — 주어 불일치 오류
분사구문의 암묵적 주어 ≠ 주절 주어 → 논리 오류
Walking down the street, a dog bit me. ❌ (개가 걷고 있었다?)
Walking down the street, I was bitten by a dog. ✅
Having studied hard, the exam was easy. ❌ (시험이 공부했다?)
Having studied hard, I found the exam easy. ✅
확인: 분사구문을 완전한 절로 펼쳤을 때 주절 주어와 일치하는지 체크.