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분사구문이란 — 부사절을 분사로 압축

부사절을 -ing 분사로 줄인 표현. 뜻 동일, 문장 간결.

만드는 법:

접속사 제거
주어가 주절과 같으면 제거
동사 → -ing

Because I was tired, I went home.
→ Being tired, I went home.

일상 대화보다 글쓰기에서 자주. 단, 관용 분사구문은 구어에서도 흔함:

Speaking of that, ...  /  Generally speaking, ...  /  Looking back, ...

분사구문의 의미 — 문맥이 결정

접속사 없으므로 정확한 의미는 문맥 판단.

의미	예
이유	Being late, he apologized.
시간	Entering the room, she smiled.
조건	Turning left, you’ll see the bank.
동시 동작	She sat reading a book.
연속 동작	He stood up, walking to the window.

독해: -ing로 시작하는 절 → 이유/시간/조건 중 자연스러운 것으로 번역.

현재분사 vs 과거분사 — 능동 vs 수동

-ing = 주어가 직접 동작 (능동) p.p. = 주어가 당하는 상태 (수동)

Walking to school, I saw an accident.      (내가 걸어감 — 능동)
Written in Korean, the book was hard.      (책이 쓰여짐 — 수동)
Excited by the news, she called me.        (그녀가 흥분된 상태 — 수동 p.p.)
Hearing the news, she called me.           (그녀가 들음 — 능동 -ing)

판별: “~된 상태로” → p.p. / “~하면서·~하고” → -ing

완료 분사구문 — Having + p.p.

주절보다 먼저 일어난 일을 표현. 구조: Having + p.p.

Finishing the work, he went home.        (동시·직후)
Having finished the work, he went home.  (먼저 완료 후)

Having lived in Japan, he speaks fluent Japanese.
Having been told the news, she cried.    (수동 완료)

분사구문의 부정 — Not + -ing

not을 분사 앞에 붙인다.

Not knowing what to say, he stayed silent.
Not having slept well, she felt tired.
Not invited to the party, he felt left out.  (수동)

위치 주의:

Not knowing  ✅
Knowing not  ❌

독립 분사구문 — 주어가 다를 때

주절 주어 ≠ 분사구문 주어일 때 → 분사구문에 주어 명시.

구조: 주어 + -ing/p.p., 주절

The weather being fine, we went for a walk.
It being Sunday, the shop was closed.
All things considered, it was a success.

관용 독립 분사구문 (주어 생략, 구어에서도 허용):

Generally speaking  /  Strictly speaking  /  Frankly speaking
Judging from ~      /  Considering ~

주어 불일치 오류 — Dangling Participle

분사구문의 암묵적 주어 ≠ 주절 주어 → 논리 오류.

Walking down the street, a dog bit me.         ❌ (개가 걷고 있었다?)
Walking down the street, I was bitten by a dog. ✅

Having studied hard, the exam was easy.         ❌ (시험이 공부했다?)
Having studied hard, I found the exam easy.     ✅

확인법: 분사구문을 완전한 절로 펼쳤을 때 주절 주어와 일치하는지 체크.

관계절 → 분사구문 압축

능동 관계절 → 현재분사, 수동 관계절 → 과거분사.

The man who is standing there    → The man standing there
The letter written in French     ← which was written in French
the girl singing                 ← who is singing
the window broken                ← that was broken

규칙: who/which + is/are + -ing → -ing만 / who/which + was/were + p.p. → p.p.만

with 분사구문 — 부대 상황

with + 목적어 + -ing/p.p. — 동시에 일어나는 부대 상황 (“~한 채로”).

목적어가 능동 → -ing / 수동·상태 → p.p.

He sat with his arms folded.        (팔짱 낀 채로 — p.p.)
She walked in with her phone ringing. (전화 울리는 채로 — -ing)
with the door open                  (문 열린 채로 — 형용사)
with his eyes closed                (눈 감은 채로 — p.p.)