도치란
기본 어순(주어+동사)을 뒤집어 동사+주어로 만드는 것. 강조할 표현을 문두에 놓으면 동사가 앞으로 따라옴.
부정어 도치
Never/Seldom/Rarely/Hardly/Not only 등 부정·제한 부사가 문두에 오면 의문문 어순.
구조: 부정어 + 조동사/be동사 + 주어 + 동사원형
- Never have I seen this. (I have never seen this.)
- Rarely does she speak in public.
- Hardly did he sleep last night.
Not only ~ but also 도치
Not only가 문두에 오면 첫 번째 절만 도치. 두 번째 절은 도치 안 함.
- Not only did he lie, but he also stole money.
- Not only is she smart, but she is also kind.
Not until 도치:
- Not until midnight did he arrive. (일반: He didn’t arrive until midnight.)
조건절 도치 (if 생략)
if 생략 후 도치로 조건 표현. 격식·문어체.
| if절 |
도치형 |
| If he should come |
Should he come |
| If I were you |
Were I you |
| If I had known |
Had I known |
- Should you need help, please call me.
- Were I in your position, I would refuse.
- Had I known the truth, I would have told you.
이메일 관용구: Should you have any questions, do not hesitate to contact us.
장소·방향 부사구 도치
장소·방향 부사구 문두 → 동사 + 주어 순서.
- On the wall hung a beautiful painting.
- Here comes the bus.
- In the corner sat an old man.
단, 주어가 대명사이면 도치 안 함:
- Here he comes. (대명사 → 도치 없음)
- Here comes the bus. (명사 → 도치)
So / Neither 도치
So + 조동사 + 주어: “~도 그렇다” (긍정 동의)
Neither/Nor + 조동사 + 주어: “~도 아니다” (부정 동의)
- A: I love coffee. B: So do I.
- A: She can swim. B: So can he.
- A: I don’t like it. B: Neither do I. (= Nor do I.)
조동사는 앞 문장 동사에 맞춤: love→do, is→is, have→have, can→can.
Only + 부사구 도치
Only + 부사/부사구가 문두에 오면 도치.
- Only then did I understand.
- Only after the meeting did she tell him.
- Only by working hard can you succeed.
- Only if you study hard will you pass.
Only + 주어이면 도치 없음: Only she knows the answer. (도치 없음)