복합관계대명사 — whoever / whatever / whichever
선행사(관계절이 꾸미는 앞 명사) 없이 자체적으로 명사절·양보절을 만드는 관계대명사.
| 복합관계대명사 |
의미 |
풀어쓰면 |
| whoever |
~하는 누구든 |
anyone who |
| whatever |
~하는 무엇이든 |
anything that |
| whichever |
(둘 중) ~하는 것 |
any one that |
- Whoever calls, tell them I’m out. (= Anyone who calls)
- Take whatever you need. (= anything that you need)
- Whichever route you choose, it’ll take an hour.
명사절 vs 양보절: 쉼표 없으면 명사절, 쉼표 있으면 양보절.
- Whatever you say is fine. (명사절 — 주어)
- Whatever you say, I won’t change my mind. (양보절 — 어떻게 말해도)
복합관계부사 — wherever / whenever / however
선행사 없이 자체적으로 부사절을 만드는 관계부사.
| 복합관계부사 |
의미 |
풀어쓰면 |
| wherever |
~하는 곳 어디든 |
anywhere/everywhere that |
| whenever |
~할 때 언제든 |
any time that |
| however |
아무리 ~해도 |
no matter how |
- Wherever you go, I’ll follow.
- Whenever you’re ready, let me know.
- However hard you try, you can’t finish it today.
however 주의: however + 형용사/부사 형태.
- However, I disagree. ← 접속부사 (그러나)
- However tired I am, I’ll go. ← 복합관계부사 (아무리 피곤해도)
절 전체를 선행사로 받는 which
보통 which는 명사 하나를 선행사로 받지만, 앞 절 전체를 선행사로 받을 수도 있음.
- He was late, which made everyone angry.
→ which = “the fact that he was late” (앞 절 전체)
- She passed the exam, which surprised us all.
- They canceled the event, which was disappointing.
규칙:
- 반드시 쉼표 뒤(비제한적 용법)
- that으로 교체 불가: He was late, that made everyone angry. ❌
한국어 대응: “~했는데, 그게 …” 구조.
유사관계대명사 — as / but / than
관계대명사처럼 절 안 빈자리를 채우지만 원래는 접속사·전치사인 세 단어. 격식·문어체.
as — such/the same + 명사 뒤, “~인 것”
- She is such a kind person as everyone admires.
- He made the same mistake as I (did).
but — 부정 선행사(no, nothing, never) 뒤, “~하지 않는” (= that … not)
- There is no rule but has exceptions.
= There is no rule that doesn’t have exceptions.
than — 비교급 선행사 뒤
- He has more money than is needed.
= more money than the money that is needed.
what 관용 표현 — what is called / what is more
관계대명사 what이 굳어진 관용구. 문장 전체 수식 또는 화자 평가 추가.
what is called / what we call — “이른바, 소위”
- He is what is called a self-made man.
- She is what we call a genius.
what is more — “게다가” (긍정 추가)
- She’s smart, and what is more, she works hard.
what is worse — “설상가상으로” (부정 추가)
- He was late, and what is worse, he forgot the report.
what is better — “더 좋은 것은”
- It’s free, and what is better, it works perfectly.
what is more/worse/better는 삽입어구처럼 쓰임. 앞뒤 쉼표 또는 and 뒤에 붙임.
관계절 축약 — 분사로 줄이기
주격관계대명사 + be동사를 생략해 분사구로 축약.
현재분사 (능동):
- The man who is standing there is my boss.
→ The man standing there is my boss.
과거분사 (수동):
- The letter which was written by him arrived today.
→ The letter written by him arrived today.
형용사·전치사구:
- The girl who is in the red dress looks familiar.
→ The girl in the red dress looks familiar.
축약 조건: ① 주격 관계대명사(who/which/that) ② 절 안에 be동사 존재.
목적격 관계대명사는 이 방식으로 축약 불가.
수량어 + of which / of whom
비제한적 관계절에서 수량 표현. some/all/none/most/many/both + of which/whom.
- I bought ten books, some of which I’ve already read.
- She has three sisters, all of whom are doctors.
- He gave several reasons, none of which made sense.
which vs whom: 선행사가 사람 → whom, 사물 → which.
them 대신 쓰려면 and 필수:
- all of whom are doctors ✅ (관계절)
- and all of them are doctors ✅ (두 절)
- all of them are doctors (and 없이) ❌ comma splice
관계절 vs 동격절 — that의 두 얼굴
관계절 that: 절 안에 빈자리 있음 → “~하는”
동격절 that: 절이 완전함, 앞 명사의 내용 설명 → “~라는”
- The rumor that he spread was false. → 그가 퍼뜨린 소문 (관계절, spread 뒤 빈자리)
- The rumor that he had quit surprised us. → 그가 그만뒀다는 소문 (동격절, 완전한 절)
빈자리 테스트: that절 안에 빠진 자리 있으면 관계절, 없으면 동격절.
동격절 자주 쓰는 명사: fact / rumor / news / idea / belief / claim / suggestion
同格(동격) = 앞 명사와 that절이 같은 내용을 가리킴. 이름표(명사)와 내용(절)이 동등.
이중 관계절
관계절이 중첩. 안쪽부터 읽으면 풀림.
- The book [that the teacher [who taught me] recommended] was great.
- who taught me → 나를 가르친 (선생님 수식)
- that the teacher recommended → 선생님이 추천한 (책 수식)
실전 규칙: 2중까지. 3중은 문장 분리 권장.
- 복잡: The report that the manager who the CEO appointed reviewed was rejected.
- 분리: The CEO appointed a manager. That manager reviewed the report. It was rejected.
후치 관계절 — 선행사에서 떨어진 관계절
보통 관계절은 선행사 바로 뒤. 선행사가 길거나 동사를 먼저 내보낼 때 뒤로 밀림.
- A man came in [who I didn’t recognize].
- A letter arrived [that changed everything].
- Someone called [who said they were from the bank].
읽는 법: 관계절이 뒤에 있어도 수식 대상은 앞의 선행사.
구어·비격식체에서 자주 발생. 문어체에서는 선행사 바로 뒤 원칙.
관계절의 시제
관계절은 주절과 독립적으로 자기 시제를 가짐.
- The woman who lives next door is a doctor. (지금도 살고 있음 → 현재형)
- The woman who lived next door moved away. (예전에 살았음 → 과거형)
주절이 과거여도 관계절 내용이 현재 사실이면 현재형 유지:
- He introduced me to a man who works at NASA. ✅ (지금도 일함)
- He introduced me to a man who worked at NASA. → 지금은 아니라는 뉘앙스
관계절 시제 = 관계절이 설명하는 사실의 시점. 주절 시제 무관.