영어 5형식
5형식 전체 지도
모든 영어 문장은 5가지 패턴 중 하나. 동사가 어떤 형식인지가 문장 구조를 결정함.
| 형식 |
구조 |
예 |
| 1형식 |
S + V |
The bird flew. |
| 2형식 |
S + V + C |
She looks tired. |
| 3형식 |
S + V + O |
I love coffee. |
| 4형식 |
S + V + O + O |
I gave her a gift. |
| 5형식 |
S + V + O + OC |
We elected him president. |
핵심 원리: 형식은 동사가 무엇을 필요로 하는지에서 나옴.
- fly: 목적어 불필요 → 1형식
- give: “누구에게 무엇을” 필요 → 4형식
- elect: “누구를 무엇으로” 필요 → 5형식
1형식과 2형식
1형식 S + V — 동사만으로 완결. 부사는 형식에 영향 없음.
- The sun rises.
- She arrived yesterday. (부사 yesterday는 뼈대 아님)
2형식 S + V + C — 주격 보어(C). S = C 관계 성립.
- She looks tired. (She = tired)
- He became a doctor. (He = a doctor)
2형식 동사(연결동사): be, become, look, seem, feel, smell, taste, sound, get, turn, remain, stay
주의: 연결동사 뒤는 형용사(보어). 부사 쓰면 틀림.
- ❌ She looks tiredly. → ✅ She looks tired.
3형식과 4형식
3형식 S + V + O — 목적어 하나.
- I love coffee.
- She broke the window.
4형식 S + V + O₁ + O₂ — 간접목적어(누구에게) + 직접목적어(무엇을). O₁ ≠ O₂.
- I gave her a gift. (her = 간접, a gift = 직접)
4형식 → 3형식 전환: 간접목적어 앞에 to/for 추가.
- I gave her a gift. → I gave a gift to her.
to vs for:
- to: give, send, show, tell, teach, lend (전달)
- for: buy, make, cook, find, get (혜택)
5형식 — 목적격 보어
S + V + O + OC — O = OC 관계 성립.
구별법: “O = OC” 등호가 성립하면 5형식, 아니면 4형식.
- I gave her a gift. → her ≠ gift (4형식)
- I made her happy. → her = happy (5형식)
목적격 보어 종류:
- 명사: They elected him president.
- 형용사: She made me happy.
- to부정사: I want you to stay.
- 원형부정사: I saw him run. (지각동사)
- 현재분사: I heard her singing.
- 과거분사: She had her hair cut.
5형식 대표 동사:
- 임명·선출: elect, appoint, choose, name, call
- 상태 변화: make, keep, leave, turn, drive
- 인식·판단: think, find, consider, believe
- 지각동사: see, hear, feel, watch
지각동사·사역동사 — 원형부정사 vs to부정사
| 동사 유형 |
보어 형태 |
예 |
| 지각동사 (see/hear/feel/watch) |
원형 or -ing |
I saw him run / running |
| 사역동사 make/have/let |
원형 |
She made me do the dishes. |
| get |
to부정사 |
I got him to fix the car. |
| want/tell/ask/expect/allow |
to부정사 |
I want you to stay. |
지각동사: 원형 = 행위 전체 목격 / -ing = 진행 중인 장면 목격
사역동사: make(강제), let(허락), have(지시·부탁), get(설득 — to부정사!)
형식별 수동태 전환
3형식: 목적어 → 주어
- They built the bridge. → The bridge was built by them.
4형식: 목적어 둘 중 하나 → 주어 (두 가지 가능)
- They gave her a gift.
- → She was given a gift. (간접목적어 → 주어)
- → A gift was given to her. (직접목적어 → 주어)
5형식: 목적어 → 주어, 목적격 보어는 그대로
- They elected him president. → He was elected president.
- She made me happy. → I was made happy.
지각동사·사역동사 수동태: 원형 → to부정사
- I saw him run. → He was seen to run.
- She made me do it. → I was made to do it.
- let은 수동태 거의 불사용.