| 단순 | 진행 | 완료 | 완료진행 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 현재 | do | is doing | has done | has been doing |
| 과거 | did | was doing | had done | had been doing |
| 미래 | will do | will be doing | will have done | will have been doing |
심화 포커스: 완료·완료진행 계열.
have + p.p. = 과거 사건 + 현재 상태·결과 연결.
| 용법 | 키워드 | 예 |
|---|---|---|
| 결과 | — | I have broken my leg. (지금 부러진 상태) |
| 경험 | ever / never / before | Have you ever been to Paris? |
| 계속 | for / since | I have lived here for 10 years. |
| 완료 | just / already / yet | She has just arrived. |
yesterday / ago / last~ → 단순과거만. 현재완료와 함께 불가.
I saw him yesterday. ✅
I have seen him yesterday. ❌ (과거 시점 명시 → 현재와 단절)
have been + -ing = 과거부터 지금까지 계속 진행 중. 누적·지속 강조.
I have been waiting for an hour. (한 시간째 기다리는 중)
She has been studying since morning. (아침부터 지금도 공부 중)
I have been crying. (for 없어도 자연스러움 — 누적 뉘앙스)
현재완료 vs 현재완료진행:
I have read the book. → 다 읽었다 (완료)
I have been reading the book. → 읽는 중이다 (아직 진행)
현재진행 vs 현재완료진행:
I am reading. → 지금 이 순간 스냅샷
I have been reading. → 과거부터 지금까지 누적·지속
상태동사(know / like / believe) → 진행형 불가 → 현재완료만 씀.
I have known her for years. ✅
I have been knowing her. ❌
had + p.p. = 과거의 어떤 시점보다 더 이전에 일어난 일. “과거 속의 과거”.
When I arrived, she had already left.
(내가 도착했을 때 → 그녀는 이미 떠난 상태)
비교:
When I arrived, she left. → 도착하자 떠남 (동시·직후)
When I arrived, she had left. → 이미 떠난 상태 (더 이전)
He had never seen snow before he moved to Canada.
I realized I had forgotten my wallet.
had been + -ing = 과거 시점 이전부터 그 시점까지 계속 진행 중이었던 동작.
She had been crying when I found her.
He had been working for 12 hours before he collapsed.
They had been dating for 3 years before they broke up.
비교:
I have been running. → 지금 기준
I had been running when it started to rain. → 비 오기 시작한 시점 기준
will have + p.p. = 미래 특정 시점까지 완료되어 있을 것. by + 시점과 자주 쓰임.
By next year, I will have graduated.
By the time you arrive, I will have finished cooking.
By 2030, humans will have landed on Mars.
| 구조 | 완료 기준 | |
|---|---|---|
| 현재완료 | has done |
지금 |
| 과거완료 | had done |
과거의 한 시점 |
| 미래완료 | will have done |
미래의 한 시점 |
will have been + -ing = 미래 특정 시점까지 계속 진행 중이었을 것. 지속 기간 강조.
By next month, I will have been working here for 10 years.
By the time she wakes up, it will have been raining for 6 hours.
실용 빈도: 현재완료 > 현재완료진행 > 과거완료 > 미래완료 > 과거완료진행 > 미래완료진행(매우 낮음)
| 결정 시점 | 특징 | |
|---|---|---|
will |
지금 막 | 즉흥·예측·의지 |
be going to |
이미 | 계획·근거 있는 예측 |
| 현재진행 | 이미 (확정) | 약속·예약된 가까운 미래 |
"I'll get it." (전화 울릴 때 즉흥 → will)
I'm going to visit Paris next month. (이미 계획)
I'm meeting her at 7. (약속 확정)
Look at those clouds — it's going to rain. (근거 있는 예측)
누군가의 말을 간접화법으로 전달할 때 시제가 한 단계 과거로 이동.
| 직접화법 | 간접화법 |
|---|---|
am/is/are |
was/were |
was/did |
had done |
has done |
had done |
will |
would |
can |
could |
may |
might |
"I am tired." → He said he was tired.
"I will help." → He said he would help.
"I have finished." → He said he had finished.
면제: 전달 시점에도 여전히 사실인 것은 현재시제 유지 가능.
He said the Earth is round. ✅ (지금도 사실)
동작동사 — 의도적 행위. 진행형 가능.
run / write / eat / build / watch / study …
상태동사 — 상태·감각·인식·감정. 진행형 불가.
know / believe / like / love / want / need / own / seem …
I am knowing the answer. ❌
I know the answer. ✅
같은 동사, 뜻에 따라 달라짐:
I have a car. (소유 → 상태 → 진행 불가)
I am having lunch. (행위 → 동작 → 진행 가능)
I am seeing her tonight. (만나다 → 동작 → 진행 가능)