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직접화법 vs 간접화법 — 기본 구조

직접화법: 말한 내용을 따옴표로 그대로 인용.

She said, "I am tired."
He asked, "Are you coming?"

간접화법: 말한 내용을 절로 전달. 따옴표 없음.

She said (that) she was tired.
He asked if I was coming.

변화하는 것:

따옴표 → that절 / if절
인칭대명사 → 전달자 기준으로 변경
시제 → 한 단계 과거로 후퇴
지시어·시간 표현 → 맥락에 맞게 변경

변화하지 않는 것:

현재도 사실인 내용(진리·불변 사실)은 시제 유지 가능
```
He said (that) the Earth is round.
```

시제 후퇴 (Backshift)

간접화법 전환 시 시제를 한 단계 과거로 당김.

직접화법	간접화법
am/is/are	was/were
will	would
can	could
may	might
have p.p.	had p.p.
was/were	had been

"I am tired."      → She said she was tired.
"I will help."     → He said he would help.
"I have finished." → He said he had finished.
"I was sleeping."  → She said she had been sleeping.

후퇴 안 해도 되는 경우:

전달 동사가 현재형: She says she is tired.
현재도 사실인 내용: He said water boils at 100°C.
가정법: 이미 과거형이라 더 당길 필요 없음

인칭·지시어·시간 표현 변환

인칭대명사 — 전달자 기준으로 변경:

"I love you." (A가 B에게)
→ A said he loved her.

지시어·장소:

직접	간접
this/these	that/those
here	there
come	go

시간 표현:

직접	간접
now	then
today	that day
yesterday	the day before
tomorrow	the next day
last week	the week before
next year	the following year

"I'll see you tomorrow."
→ She said she would see me the next day.

"I came here yesterday."
→ He said he had gone there the day before.

전달 시점이 같은 날이면 today/tomorrow 그대로 유지 가능.

의문문·명령문의 간접화법

Yes/No 의문문 → if / whether:

"Are you coming?"
→ He asked if I was coming.
→ He asked whether I was coming (or not).

Wh- 의문문 → 의문사 + 평서문 어순:

"Where do you live?"  → She asked where I lived.
"What time is it?"    → He asked what time it was.

❌ She asked where did I live. — 의문문 어순 그대로 쓰면 오류.

명령문 → tell/ask + 목적어 + to부정사:

"Close the door."  → She told me to close the door.
"Please sit down." → He asked me to sit down.
"Don't move."      → She told me not to move.

전달 동사 선택:

명령·지시: tell / 요청·부탁: ask
충고: advise / 경고: warn / 금지: forbid

자유 간접화법 (Free Indirect Speech)

전달 동사 없이 인물의 생각·말을 서술자 시점과 섞어 표현. 소설·에세이 표준 기법.

비교:

직접:      She thought, "I can't do this anymore."
간접:      She thought that she couldn't do that anymore.
자유 간접: She couldn't do this anymore.

자유 간접화법 특징:

따옴표·전달 동사 없음
시제는 후퇴 (과거형)
지시어는 인물 기준 그대로 (this/here/now 가능)

예시:

She opened the envelope. Was this really happening? How could he do this to her?
→ 서술자가 쓰지만 그녀의 내면 독백. 인물·서술자가 섞임.

읽을 때: “전달 동사 없이 과거 시제 + 인물 감정” = 자유 간접화법 신호.

전달 동사의 다양한 선택

say vs tell:

She said (that) she was tired.    ✅ (목적어 없이 가능)
She told me (that) she was tired. ✅ (목적어 필수)
She told (that) she was tired.    ❌

내용별 전달 동사:

상황	동사
약속	promise
제안	suggest / propose
거절	refuse
부인	deny
주장	claim / insist
인정	admit
경고	warn
불평	complain

"I didn't steal it."        → He denied stealing it.
"I'll pay you back."        → He promised to pay me back.
"You should see a doctor."  → She suggested (that) I see a doctor.